If lung cancer is suspected in a patient, a series of different tests will be carried out to confirm the diseases presence (diagnosis), and to determine how widespread the disease has become (staging).
What are X-rays, CT Scans, and MRI Scans?
Usually patients are diagnosed with lung cancer when a doctor orders a chest X-ray which is associated with another illness. If lung cancer is detected by the chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may also be ordered to further confirm both the diseases diagnosis and staging.
CT scans and MRI scans are tests that use computerized imaging to show in greater detail the size, shape, and exact location of a suspected tumour. At the same time the images will show whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body. If the cancer has spread to other organs within the body, further tests will be ordered by the doctor.
What is a Lung Biopsy?
A lung biopsy is where tissue is removed from the tumour and inspected under a microscope to confirm whether cancerous cells are present or not. This may be done via a needle being inserted through the wall of the chest to take a sample from the tumour, or via surgery where the wall of the chest is opened and either part or all the tumour is removed.
Lung biopsies are necessary to determine an accurate diagnosis, and also to identify the specific type of lung cancer present in a patient.
What is a Sputum Cytology?
A sputum cytology is a test used on cells that are coughed up from either the patient's lungs or breathing tubes, and are examined under a microscope to see whether they are cancerous or not. The test may also determine the specific type of cancer a patient has, although it will not show the precise location of the tumour. If the sputum cytology test is found to be positive, further tests will need to be carried out.
What is Staging?
Staging is a scale used by doctors to show how advanced (widespread) the lung cancer is within a patient. Staging also assists doctors to determine an accurate prognosis (a prediction of the likely future outcome of the disease). Once the prognosis has been evaluated by a doctor, an appropriate treatment plan can begin for the patient.
Each different stage of lung cancer is treated differently, and depending on the condition of a patient.
Showing posts with label Cancer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cancer. Show all posts
Wednesday, 31 October 2012
Besides the Lungs, Other Organs Affected by Lung Cancer
Unfortunately for many sufferers, lung cancer is seldom diagnosed when it is in its early stages, and is usually only discovered by accident when either a routine chest X-ray, or a CT (computer tomography) scan is ordered by a doctor for another health issue. Some 25% of all lung cancer sufferers tend to show no signs of having lung cancer present, meaning that when the disease is eventually diagnosed, it is usually in its late and final stages. Other organs in the body at this stage have also usually been caused some degree of damage. This damage is usually permanent.
As the disease develops within the lung, the outer tissues of the lung are invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues. This development enables the lung cancer to be able to spread to other organs in the body with relative ease. The disease can infiltrate the liver and adrenal glands, which often occurs over a period of time without any noticeable symptoms to the sufferer. When symptoms of visual problems begin to occur, it is usually because the lung cancer has spread to the brain, which may cause the sufferer to have a seizure. A loss of strength may also be noticed.
Bones can also be affected by lung cancer, usually noticeable with a discomfort in either the vertebrae (backbone), or the ribs and thighs. The nerves can also be attacked, which causes many sufferers to experience continuous aching pains in the (deltoids) shoulders, and a pain that runs along the outer side of the arm. Vocal chords may be affected when the cancer has spread to the esophagus (the conduit that connects the mouth and stomach) causing difficulty in swallowing. This is usually caused when a portion of the lung has collapsed, resulting in a severe, difficult to treat lung infection.
Other common symptoms caused by lung cancer are a lack of appetite, a noticeable weight loss (usually occurring rapidly), headaches, sluggishness, memory loss problems, bleeding and clotting. These symptoms often go untreated for long periods of time before a sufferer feels the need to deal with them, as they often get associated with other less serious health issues. When a sufferer has been diagnosed with late stage lung cancer, most of the damage has already been caused to the body, resulting in a sufferer having a low prognosis (life expectancy), usually under five years from when the disease was first diagnosed.
As the disease develops within the lung, the outer tissues of the lung are invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues. This development enables the lung cancer to be able to spread to other organs in the body with relative ease. The disease can infiltrate the liver and adrenal glands, which often occurs over a period of time without any noticeable symptoms to the sufferer. When symptoms of visual problems begin to occur, it is usually because the lung cancer has spread to the brain, which may cause the sufferer to have a seizure. A loss of strength may also be noticed.
Bones can also be affected by lung cancer, usually noticeable with a discomfort in either the vertebrae (backbone), or the ribs and thighs. The nerves can also be attacked, which causes many sufferers to experience continuous aching pains in the (deltoids) shoulders, and a pain that runs along the outer side of the arm. Vocal chords may be affected when the cancer has spread to the esophagus (the conduit that connects the mouth and stomach) causing difficulty in swallowing. This is usually caused when a portion of the lung has collapsed, resulting in a severe, difficult to treat lung infection.
Other common symptoms caused by lung cancer are a lack of appetite, a noticeable weight loss (usually occurring rapidly), headaches, sluggishness, memory loss problems, bleeding and clotting. These symptoms often go untreated for long periods of time before a sufferer feels the need to deal with them, as they often get associated with other less serious health issues. When a sufferer has been diagnosed with late stage lung cancer, most of the damage has already been caused to the body, resulting in a sufferer having a low prognosis (life expectancy), usually under five years from when the disease was first diagnosed.
Tuesday, 23 October 2012
Lung Cancer - Are You At Risk?
Cancer is an abnormality of the cell that results in uncontrolled cell growth. The abnormal cells continue dividing and form a lump or tumor. This tumor if, cancerous can invade other healthy tissues and destroy them. It is at this point known to have metastitize. Lung cancer tends to spread early after it is formed and therefore it is very dangerous and difficult to treat. Although this type of cancer has the ability to spread to other organs like liver, brain and bone, it is also a common site for other cancerous tumors to metastasize. Lung cancer is cancer than begins in one or both of the lungs
Are You At Risk?
SMOKING
About 90% of lung cancers are related to smoking tobacco. The number of cigarettes you smoke greatly increases your risk of getting lung cancer. Quitting smoking greatly reduces your risk. Passive smoking can also put one at risk of getting lung cancer. Passive smoking is inhaling cigarette smoke of a non smoker from a smoker.
RADON
Radon is an odorless gas produced by the natural breakdown of uranium in rocks, soil and water. The air eventually becomes part of the air you breathe. Some homes may have high levels of radon particularly on the lower level. Radon testing kits can be purchased to check if home have unsafe levels of radon. If this is so, measures can be taken to resolve it.
ASBESTOS FIBERS AND OTHER CHEMICALS
Workplace is the common place for exposure to asbestos and other chemicals. When inhaled, asbestos can persist in the lungs for a long time and cause lung disease. People who smoke and are exposed to asbestos are at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
FAMILY HISTORY
People with family who have the disease are at a greater risk of developing it.
Other factors that can increase your risk include excessive alcohol intake, certain lung diseases like emphysema, air pollution and tuberculosis.
Lung cancer does not usually present any symptoms in its early stages. The tumor may be found through a chest x-ray done for other reasons. The symptoms begins when the cancer is advanced. These symptoms include:
- a new cough that does not go away
- coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
- change in a chronic cough
- chest pain that is dull, aching and persistent
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- hoarseness
- unexplained weight loss
Lung cancer treatment options may depend on the stage of the cancer,the type of cancer, the individual's health. Treatment may not be an option when the side effects out weigh the benefits. In this case, the doctor may give supportive treatment to treat the symptoms of the disease like shortness of breath and pain.
Are You At Risk?
SMOKING
About 90% of lung cancers are related to smoking tobacco. The number of cigarettes you smoke greatly increases your risk of getting lung cancer. Quitting smoking greatly reduces your risk. Passive smoking can also put one at risk of getting lung cancer. Passive smoking is inhaling cigarette smoke of a non smoker from a smoker.
RADON
Radon is an odorless gas produced by the natural breakdown of uranium in rocks, soil and water. The air eventually becomes part of the air you breathe. Some homes may have high levels of radon particularly on the lower level. Radon testing kits can be purchased to check if home have unsafe levels of radon. If this is so, measures can be taken to resolve it.
ASBESTOS FIBERS AND OTHER CHEMICALS
Workplace is the common place for exposure to asbestos and other chemicals. When inhaled, asbestos can persist in the lungs for a long time and cause lung disease. People who smoke and are exposed to asbestos are at higher risk of developing lung cancer.
FAMILY HISTORY
People with family who have the disease are at a greater risk of developing it.
Other factors that can increase your risk include excessive alcohol intake, certain lung diseases like emphysema, air pollution and tuberculosis.
Lung cancer does not usually present any symptoms in its early stages. The tumor may be found through a chest x-ray done for other reasons. The symptoms begins when the cancer is advanced. These symptoms include:
- a new cough that does not go away
- coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
- change in a chronic cough
- chest pain that is dull, aching and persistent
- shortness of breath
- wheezing
- hoarseness
- unexplained weight loss
Lung cancer treatment options may depend on the stage of the cancer,the type of cancer, the individual's health. Treatment may not be an option when the side effects out weigh the benefits. In this case, the doctor may give supportive treatment to treat the symptoms of the disease like shortness of breath and pain.
How Many Different Types of Lung Cancer Are There?
There are two major types of lung cancer that can be found in both men women. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Small Cell Lung Cancer, both which are unique to each other as they grow and spread within the body differently.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
NSCLC is the more common of the two lung cancers, and is attributed to about 85% of all cases found in a patient. It tends to grow and spread at a much slower pace than small cell lung cancer, and is broken down into three main subtypes, all which have their own unique cancer cells.
1. Squamous Cell Caricinoma (epidermoid caricinoma) is attributed to about 25-30% of all cases found. It is made up from thin flat cells (similar to fish scales) that line the inside airways of the lung, and begins in the squamous cells in the centre of the lung.
2. Adenocaricinoma is attributed to about 35-40% of all cases found, mainly in smokers, although it is also found in non-smokers as well. It begins in the cells that have glandular (secretory) properties, and grows slowly in the outer-region of the lung. It is more common in women than men, and more likely to be found in a younger person. Patients with this type of cancer usually tend to have a better prognosis (life expectancy).
3. Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Caricinoma is attributed to about 10-15% of all cases found. It grows and spreads quickly as its cells multiply rapidly. When viewed under a microscope, the cells have an abnormal look to them compared to other types of cancer cells.
Adenosquamous Caricinoma and Sarcomatoid Carcinoma are also subtypes of NSCLC, although they are very rarely found in a patient.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SCLC is much less common than NSCLC, and only attributes to about 10-15% of all cases found. It tends to grow and spread much faster than other types of cancer, and is broken down into three types, each which contain different cell types.
Small Cell Caricinoma (oat cell cancer) is a highly malignant cancer that is usually found in the lung, although it can be found in other parts of the body as well, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract.
Mixed Small/Large Cell Caricinoma is a rare form of lung cancer, which when diagnosed is formed from both small cell caricinoma, and large cell caricinoma.
Combined Small Cell Caricinoma is diagnosed when a malignant tumor is found arising from the lung tissues, and contains both small cell caricinoma, mixed with one or more components of non-small cell caricinoma.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
NSCLC is the more common of the two lung cancers, and is attributed to about 85% of all cases found in a patient. It tends to grow and spread at a much slower pace than small cell lung cancer, and is broken down into three main subtypes, all which have their own unique cancer cells.
1. Squamous Cell Caricinoma (epidermoid caricinoma) is attributed to about 25-30% of all cases found. It is made up from thin flat cells (similar to fish scales) that line the inside airways of the lung, and begins in the squamous cells in the centre of the lung.
2. Adenocaricinoma is attributed to about 35-40% of all cases found, mainly in smokers, although it is also found in non-smokers as well. It begins in the cells that have glandular (secretory) properties, and grows slowly in the outer-region of the lung. It is more common in women than men, and more likely to be found in a younger person. Patients with this type of cancer usually tend to have a better prognosis (life expectancy).
3. Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Caricinoma is attributed to about 10-15% of all cases found. It grows and spreads quickly as its cells multiply rapidly. When viewed under a microscope, the cells have an abnormal look to them compared to other types of cancer cells.
Adenosquamous Caricinoma and Sarcomatoid Carcinoma are also subtypes of NSCLC, although they are very rarely found in a patient.
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SCLC is much less common than NSCLC, and only attributes to about 10-15% of all cases found. It tends to grow and spread much faster than other types of cancer, and is broken down into three types, each which contain different cell types.
Small Cell Caricinoma (oat cell cancer) is a highly malignant cancer that is usually found in the lung, although it can be found in other parts of the body as well, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract.
Mixed Small/Large Cell Caricinoma is a rare form of lung cancer, which when diagnosed is formed from both small cell caricinoma, and large cell caricinoma.
Combined Small Cell Caricinoma is diagnosed when a malignant tumor is found arising from the lung tissues, and contains both small cell caricinoma, mixed with one or more components of non-small cell caricinoma.
How To Prevent Lung Cancer Recurrence
Researchers are studying effective ways to prevent the recurrence of lung cancer in patients. After a patient has been successfully treated, there are numerous ways to help lower the risks.
1. It is recommended by doctors that patients have a full physical examination every three months for the first two years, followed by a six monthly examination thereafter. Examinations may include: chest X-rays, CT (computer assisted tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, or blood tests. Depending on the type of lung cancer that a patient was diagnosed with.
2. When a patient has successfully finished a course of treatment, it is encouraged by most doctors that a 30 minute exercise regime be carried out by the cancer patient at least five times a week. These exercises should include general fitness exercises such as walking, cycling, swimming, and jogging (depending on the age and condition of the patient in question). Not only does exercising make someone feel stronger, but it also helps the patient build up a stronger immune system.
3. Eating a healthy diet also helps reduce the risks. Studies show that by eating a large variety of fruits and vegetables (variety is more important than quantity) may also contribute to reducing both the risks of developing lung cancer, and its recurrence. By eating a low-fat, high whole grain diet will help keep a sufficient amount of nutrients within the body. These nutrients help to keep the body strong. They also have a great amount of anti-recurrence benefits.
4. Smoking which is one of the main causes of lung cancer, should be given a complete miss after treatment has finished, together with most alcoholic beverages. Both contain a number of carcinogens that not only raise the chances of being diagnosed with the disease, but also significantly raise the risks of the disease returning. Apart from the lungs that are at risk from tobacco and alcohol, other organs such as the esophagus, liver, and stomach, are also at risk.
5. Depending on the type of lung cancer a patient was diagnosed with, may also depend on the after treatment options that are available. These options may include traditional medicines that reduce the risks of a recurrence, or alternative medicines that have also shown a great deal of success. Alternative medicines are also considered as a good after treatment option, due to them being less harmful to the body's organs than traditional anti-recurrence drugs.
1. It is recommended by doctors that patients have a full physical examination every three months for the first two years, followed by a six monthly examination thereafter. Examinations may include: chest X-rays, CT (computer assisted tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, or blood tests. Depending on the type of lung cancer that a patient was diagnosed with.
2. When a patient has successfully finished a course of treatment, it is encouraged by most doctors that a 30 minute exercise regime be carried out by the cancer patient at least five times a week. These exercises should include general fitness exercises such as walking, cycling, swimming, and jogging (depending on the age and condition of the patient in question). Not only does exercising make someone feel stronger, but it also helps the patient build up a stronger immune system.
3. Eating a healthy diet also helps reduce the risks. Studies show that by eating a large variety of fruits and vegetables (variety is more important than quantity) may also contribute to reducing both the risks of developing lung cancer, and its recurrence. By eating a low-fat, high whole grain diet will help keep a sufficient amount of nutrients within the body. These nutrients help to keep the body strong. They also have a great amount of anti-recurrence benefits.
4. Smoking which is one of the main causes of lung cancer, should be given a complete miss after treatment has finished, together with most alcoholic beverages. Both contain a number of carcinogens that not only raise the chances of being diagnosed with the disease, but also significantly raise the risks of the disease returning. Apart from the lungs that are at risk from tobacco and alcohol, other organs such as the esophagus, liver, and stomach, are also at risk.
5. Depending on the type of lung cancer a patient was diagnosed with, may also depend on the after treatment options that are available. These options may include traditional medicines that reduce the risks of a recurrence, or alternative medicines that have also shown a great deal of success. Alternative medicines are also considered as a good after treatment option, due to them being less harmful to the body's organs than traditional anti-recurrence drugs.
Tuesday, 18 September 2012
Lung Cancer Remission - What Does It Mean?
When mentioning the word remission, many people tend to have a misconception to exactly what it means. It is usually used by doctors after a cancer patient has successfully carried out a course of treatment. Although, many people seem to think that once the word has been mentioned, the cancer patient is no longer at risk from a recurrence of the disease, due to having been considered completely cured.
However, this is a misinterpretation of the word and something that can easily cause future problems for a patient who thinks that he or she is no longer at risk from the disease. Cancer patients can quickly revert to the unhealthy life-style that may have existed before cancer was diagnosed, and easily forget about continuing to look after the body in the way that it should be looked after even though it is still vital to prevent a recurrence of the disease.
What remission actually means: is a period of time where cancer is either responding to treatment satisfactorily, or is being controlled by the treatment that is being administered to a patient. With a complete cancer remission, all signs and symptoms of the disease have usually disappeared, and it may be considered that after several years or so with no signs or symptoms recurring, the disease has finally been cured.
This would also be another misconception of what may still be going on within the body. Although there may be no signs or symptoms of cancer being present, it does not actually mean that the disease does not exist still, as cancer cells may continue to grow within the body for many years. This may be both during treatment or afterwards, and before any visible signs or symptoms of the cancer reappear.
The word remission does not get publicized much, as it is considered to be a delicate subject when talking about the prognosis (life expectancy) of a cancer patient, and more so when talking about lung cancer where around 50% of all patients diagnosed with the disease will die within the first five years after diagnosis. Depending of the type of cancer a patient is diagnosed with, will also greatly affect the patients cancer "remission period" after a successful course of treatment.
There are various modern-day treatments used to fight cancer, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, stereotactic body radiosurgery, and surgery. But there are equally as many alternative medicines that can also be used to treat a variety of different types of cancers. Alternative medicines for the treatment of cancer are considered to be a good option by many sufferers, as they do not harm the body like many of the traditional treatments do, and can even be used after a successful course of treatment has finished to prevent a recurrence of the disease.
However, this is a misinterpretation of the word and something that can easily cause future problems for a patient who thinks that he or she is no longer at risk from the disease. Cancer patients can quickly revert to the unhealthy life-style that may have existed before cancer was diagnosed, and easily forget about continuing to look after the body in the way that it should be looked after even though it is still vital to prevent a recurrence of the disease.
What remission actually means: is a period of time where cancer is either responding to treatment satisfactorily, or is being controlled by the treatment that is being administered to a patient. With a complete cancer remission, all signs and symptoms of the disease have usually disappeared, and it may be considered that after several years or so with no signs or symptoms recurring, the disease has finally been cured.
This would also be another misconception of what may still be going on within the body. Although there may be no signs or symptoms of cancer being present, it does not actually mean that the disease does not exist still, as cancer cells may continue to grow within the body for many years. This may be both during treatment or afterwards, and before any visible signs or symptoms of the cancer reappear.
The word remission does not get publicized much, as it is considered to be a delicate subject when talking about the prognosis (life expectancy) of a cancer patient, and more so when talking about lung cancer where around 50% of all patients diagnosed with the disease will die within the first five years after diagnosis. Depending of the type of cancer a patient is diagnosed with, will also greatly affect the patients cancer "remission period" after a successful course of treatment.
There are various modern-day treatments used to fight cancer, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, stereotactic body radiosurgery, and surgery. But there are equally as many alternative medicines that can also be used to treat a variety of different types of cancers. Alternative medicines for the treatment of cancer are considered to be a good option by many sufferers, as they do not harm the body like many of the traditional treatments do, and can even be used after a successful course of treatment has finished to prevent a recurrence of the disease.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - (Stages 0-4)
After non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been diagnosed in a patient it is given what is called a "stage." This describes both the size of the tumor, and to what extent the tumor has spread within the body. Once diagnosed, a more accurate prognosis (life expectancy) of a patient can be given. There are five main stages of NSCLC (0, 1, 2, 3, 4). Each of these stages is further divided into more specific sub-stages.
(Stages 0-4)
- 0 The cancer has not spread past the inner lining of the lungs; also known as carcinoma in situ (CIS).
- 1 The cancer is localized within the lungs but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
- 1A (the tumor is 3 cm or less in diameter).
- 1B (the tumor is greater than 3 cm in diameter).
- 2 The cancer has either spread outside the lungs to the nearby lymph nodes, or has NOT yet spread to the lymph nodes, but is localized in a certain area of the main bronchus (tubes that allow air to pass between the trachea and the lungs). The tumor may also be located in an area where it has invaded the lining of the lungs, or the wall of the chest.
- 2A (the tumor is 3 cm or less and has spread to the lymph nodes).
- 2B (the tumor is greater that 3 cm and has spread to the lymph nodes. It may also be present in the main bronchus region, has invaded the lining of the lungs, or wall of the chest.
- 3 The cancer has spread to the nearby tissue of the lungs.
- 3A (the tumor is lager in size and has spread to the lymph nodes. At this stage multi-tumors of any size may have spread away from the main tumor area).
- 3B (tumors of any size that have spread to distant lymph nodes and have invaded other organs such as the esophagus, the heart, or tumors with malignant pleural effusion [an abnormal amount of fluid in the space between the tissue that lines the inside of the lungs]).
- 4 The cancer has reached its most dangerous stage by having spread to other organs of the body, including another lobe of the lung.
Doctors may often describe NSCLC with a system called TNM. This system is used to further classify lung cancer within its sub-stages. Each letter stands for a different degree (stage) of the disease.
T - (the size of the tumor).
N - (indicates which lymph nodes have been invaded).
M - (defines whether the cancer has metastasized).
(Stages 0-4)
- 0 The cancer has not spread past the inner lining of the lungs; also known as carcinoma in situ (CIS).
- 1 The cancer is localized within the lungs but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
- 1A (the tumor is 3 cm or less in diameter).
- 1B (the tumor is greater than 3 cm in diameter).
- 2 The cancer has either spread outside the lungs to the nearby lymph nodes, or has NOT yet spread to the lymph nodes, but is localized in a certain area of the main bronchus (tubes that allow air to pass between the trachea and the lungs). The tumor may also be located in an area where it has invaded the lining of the lungs, or the wall of the chest.
- 2A (the tumor is 3 cm or less and has spread to the lymph nodes).
- 2B (the tumor is greater that 3 cm and has spread to the lymph nodes. It may also be present in the main bronchus region, has invaded the lining of the lungs, or wall of the chest.
- 3 The cancer has spread to the nearby tissue of the lungs.
- 3A (the tumor is lager in size and has spread to the lymph nodes. At this stage multi-tumors of any size may have spread away from the main tumor area).
- 3B (tumors of any size that have spread to distant lymph nodes and have invaded other organs such as the esophagus, the heart, or tumors with malignant pleural effusion [an abnormal amount of fluid in the space between the tissue that lines the inside of the lungs]).
- 4 The cancer has reached its most dangerous stage by having spread to other organs of the body, including another lobe of the lung.
Doctors may often describe NSCLC with a system called TNM. This system is used to further classify lung cancer within its sub-stages. Each letter stands for a different degree (stage) of the disease.
T - (the size of the tumor).
N - (indicates which lymph nodes have been invaded).
M - (defines whether the cancer has metastasized).
Wednesday, 12 September 2012
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Stage 1) - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Stages and Treatment
Symptoms
Stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be present in a sufferer without showing any signs or symptoms. It is usually diagnosed when a doctor orders a patient to take a chest X-ray which is often associated with another illness. Symptoms may include: a persistent cough (smoker's cough), shortness of breath, wheezing, and recurrent bronchitis or pneumonia. At this early stage, other symptoms are not usually present in a sufferer.
Diagnosis
Stage 1 NSCLC is localized (contained within the lungs) and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other organs in the body.
Stages
- 1 The cancer is localized within the lungs but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
- 1A (the tumor is 3 cm or less in diameter).
- 1B (the tumor is between 3-5 cm in diameter).
These stages may also be described with a system called TNM (T = tumor size, N = nodes, and M = metastasis [spread of cancer]). Example:
- 1A (T1N0M0) Meaning that the tumor is less than 3 cm (T1), with no nodes (N0), and no metastasis (M0).
- 1B (T2N0M0) Meaning that the tumor is greater than 3 cm (T2), with no nodes (N0), and no metastasis (M0).
Treatment
Surgery is usually considered as the primary option for Stage 1 lung cancer treatment where removal of the tumor may be done via various different techniques. These techniques may include: segmentectomy (removal of a small segment of the lung), lobectomy (removal of the lobe of the lung), or pneumonectomy (removal of the entire lung).
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may be used when either the location of the tumor is difficult to reach using traditional surgery, or when the general health of the patient is not at its best and considered that the patient would not be able to tolerate a full surgical procedure. VATS is also less intrusive on the patient than traditional surgery.
If the cancer is considered to be inoperable, radiation therapy may be used to treat it.
Stereotactic body radiosurgery (SBRS) is one treatment that may be considered. This is where the patient is first immobilized in a frame to stop any movement, then computer imaging techniques are used to identify precisely where the cancerous cells are. These cells are then in turn destroyed by being given high dosages of radiation.
Conventional radiation therapy's are not usually recommended with Stage 1A lung cancer, although with Stage 1B, adjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy used after surgery to kill off any remaining cancerous cells) may be offered.
Stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be present in a sufferer without showing any signs or symptoms. It is usually diagnosed when a doctor orders a patient to take a chest X-ray which is often associated with another illness. Symptoms may include: a persistent cough (smoker's cough), shortness of breath, wheezing, and recurrent bronchitis or pneumonia. At this early stage, other symptoms are not usually present in a sufferer.
Diagnosis
Stage 1 NSCLC is localized (contained within the lungs) and has not spread to the lymph nodes or other organs in the body.
Stages
- 1 The cancer is localized within the lungs but has not yet spread to the lymph nodes.
- 1A (the tumor is 3 cm or less in diameter).
- 1B (the tumor is between 3-5 cm in diameter).
These stages may also be described with a system called TNM (T = tumor size, N = nodes, and M = metastasis [spread of cancer]). Example:
- 1A (T1N0M0) Meaning that the tumor is less than 3 cm (T1), with no nodes (N0), and no metastasis (M0).
- 1B (T2N0M0) Meaning that the tumor is greater than 3 cm (T2), with no nodes (N0), and no metastasis (M0).
Treatment
Surgery is usually considered as the primary option for Stage 1 lung cancer treatment where removal of the tumor may be done via various different techniques. These techniques may include: segmentectomy (removal of a small segment of the lung), lobectomy (removal of the lobe of the lung), or pneumonectomy (removal of the entire lung).
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may be used when either the location of the tumor is difficult to reach using traditional surgery, or when the general health of the patient is not at its best and considered that the patient would not be able to tolerate a full surgical procedure. VATS is also less intrusive on the patient than traditional surgery.
If the cancer is considered to be inoperable, radiation therapy may be used to treat it.
Stereotactic body radiosurgery (SBRS) is one treatment that may be considered. This is where the patient is first immobilized in a frame to stop any movement, then computer imaging techniques are used to identify precisely where the cancerous cells are. These cells are then in turn destroyed by being given high dosages of radiation.
Conventional radiation therapy's are not usually recommended with Stage 1A lung cancer, although with Stage 1B, adjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy used after surgery to kill off any remaining cancerous cells) may be offered.
Tuesday, 4 September 2012
Signs That Lung Cancer May Be Returning
Over 200,000 thousand Americans (men and women) get diagnosed with lung cancer in the USA every year (70% are elderly). Although most patients receive some kind of treatment before going into remission (a period of time when the cancer is either responding to treatment satisfactorily, or is being controlled), lung cancer is one of the most recurrent forms of cancer that is diagnosed. Many sufferers of lung cancer get cured and go on to live more years, but an increasing number of sufferers become prone to falling into a state of relapse (where the disease returns).
When doctors refer to a five-year or ten-year cure period, what they are actually referring to is the remission period of a patient. During remission the disease may return at any time, although the percentage rate gradually begins to decrease the longer the remission period. If during the first five-years of treatment the disease does not return, then there is a strong possibility that the patient will go on to live at least another five years or more. The problem is that when lung cancer is diagnosed, it is usually in its later stage, and more difficult to treat.
Patients under remission should continually watch for signs that may indicate the cancer is recurring, or has actually returned. There are three main signs a sufferer should watch out for:
1. Changes in breathing patterns, which could include either a shortness of breath, or wheezing when there are no underlying medical reasons why either should exist. They may even occur when a patient is resting. Usually when the cancer has returned, the tumor presses either directly on the lung, or on the surrounding tissues of the lung. A chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be ordered again by the doctor to re-confirm this.
2. Lumps that can appear anywhere on the body (especially in the chest or upper area of the body) may signify a recurrence of the disease. Lumps may indicate that a new tumor is beginning to grow, or an existing one is either growing again, or beginning to spread. When lumps occur in the area of the neck, armpits, or groin, this usually indicates that the cancer has spread to the lymphatic system. The cancer has metastasized when it has affected distant organs outside the original tumor area, usually having spread into the bloodstream to create new tumors or new clusters of cancerous cells.
3. Unexplained and sudden weight loss when there is no reason for it usually indicates that the cancer has invaded other parts of the body. The cancer can attack vital organs affecting their ability to function correctly, causing weight to disappear notably during a short period of time. When this happens, it is advisable to seek the help of a doctor again to check that a recurrence of the disease has not taken place. Usually a test of the phlegm cells under a microscope will detect a recurrence before a tumor becomes visible.
When doctors refer to a five-year or ten-year cure period, what they are actually referring to is the remission period of a patient. During remission the disease may return at any time, although the percentage rate gradually begins to decrease the longer the remission period. If during the first five-years of treatment the disease does not return, then there is a strong possibility that the patient will go on to live at least another five years or more. The problem is that when lung cancer is diagnosed, it is usually in its later stage, and more difficult to treat.
Patients under remission should continually watch for signs that may indicate the cancer is recurring, or has actually returned. There are three main signs a sufferer should watch out for:
1. Changes in breathing patterns, which could include either a shortness of breath, or wheezing when there are no underlying medical reasons why either should exist. They may even occur when a patient is resting. Usually when the cancer has returned, the tumor presses either directly on the lung, or on the surrounding tissues of the lung. A chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be ordered again by the doctor to re-confirm this.
2. Lumps that can appear anywhere on the body (especially in the chest or upper area of the body) may signify a recurrence of the disease. Lumps may indicate that a new tumor is beginning to grow, or an existing one is either growing again, or beginning to spread. When lumps occur in the area of the neck, armpits, or groin, this usually indicates that the cancer has spread to the lymphatic system. The cancer has metastasized when it has affected distant organs outside the original tumor area, usually having spread into the bloodstream to create new tumors or new clusters of cancerous cells.
3. Unexplained and sudden weight loss when there is no reason for it usually indicates that the cancer has invaded other parts of the body. The cancer can attack vital organs affecting their ability to function correctly, causing weight to disappear notably during a short period of time. When this happens, it is advisable to seek the help of a doctor again to check that a recurrence of the disease has not taken place. Usually a test of the phlegm cells under a microscope will detect a recurrence before a tumor becomes visible.
Signs That Lung Cancer Has Metastasized
There are two main types of lung cancer that someone can be diagnosed with: small-cell, and non-small cell. Both types may slowly grow in the body over a long period of time before finally being discovered. A diagnosis of the disease may not be until a patient has been ordered to take a chest X-ray, which is usually related to another illness. Because of this late discovery, the disease is usually in its final and most dangerous stage.
A late stage cancer is categorized as "Stage 4," and means that the disease has reached its final stage after having "metastasized" (spread from its origin). Patients diagnosed with late stage cancer usually have a very low survival rate. About 30-40% of patients diagnosed show some signs that the cancer has metastasized. Only a small percentage of these patients will survive for more than five years after diagnosis.
When a patient experiences symptoms such as severe headaches, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting; it usually means that the cancer has metastasized to the brain. Neurological disorders such as seizures, ataxia, and confusion may also be experienced. A CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be ordered to determine the exact location and size of the tumor in the brain.
A continual dull aching pain in the back (usually over the area of the spine), may indicate that the cancer has metastasized to the spinal cord. Bladder or bowel dysfunction may also be experienced together with some degree of sensory loss. Paraparesis (a weakness of the limbs), or paraplegia (an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities) are other symptoms that may be experienced.
Commonly found in non-small cell cancer patients when the cancer has metastasized, are small bone fractures. These small fractures may result in severe pain and discomfort for many sufferers. Pains are usually localized in bones such as those found in the hands, feet, ribs, spine, pelvis, and proximal long bones (parts of the bone [arm or leg] that are located nearest the body). An X-ray is usually ordered to determine the exact location of the cancer.
When the liver has been affected, a patient may experience a notable weight loss (usually rapidly over a short period of time). Although there may be no apparent reason for this, it can sometimes be associated with an unexplained loss of appetite. Signs of jaundice (yellowing of the skin), nausea, fever, and a pain in the right upper quadrant may also be apparent.
Other symptoms that may indicate the cancer has metastasized include: coughing up small amounts of blood, wheezing, a shortness of breath, and severe chest pains.
A late stage cancer is categorized as "Stage 4," and means that the disease has reached its final stage after having "metastasized" (spread from its origin). Patients diagnosed with late stage cancer usually have a very low survival rate. About 30-40% of patients diagnosed show some signs that the cancer has metastasized. Only a small percentage of these patients will survive for more than five years after diagnosis.
When a patient experiences symptoms such as severe headaches, blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting; it usually means that the cancer has metastasized to the brain. Neurological disorders such as seizures, ataxia, and confusion may also be experienced. A CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may be ordered to determine the exact location and size of the tumor in the brain.
A continual dull aching pain in the back (usually over the area of the spine), may indicate that the cancer has metastasized to the spinal cord. Bladder or bowel dysfunction may also be experienced together with some degree of sensory loss. Paraparesis (a weakness of the limbs), or paraplegia (an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities) are other symptoms that may be experienced.
Commonly found in non-small cell cancer patients when the cancer has metastasized, are small bone fractures. These small fractures may result in severe pain and discomfort for many sufferers. Pains are usually localized in bones such as those found in the hands, feet, ribs, spine, pelvis, and proximal long bones (parts of the bone [arm or leg] that are located nearest the body). An X-ray is usually ordered to determine the exact location of the cancer.
When the liver has been affected, a patient may experience a notable weight loss (usually rapidly over a short period of time). Although there may be no apparent reason for this, it can sometimes be associated with an unexplained loss of appetite. Signs of jaundice (yellowing of the skin), nausea, fever, and a pain in the right upper quadrant may also be apparent.
Other symptoms that may indicate the cancer has metastasized include: coughing up small amounts of blood, wheezing, a shortness of breath, and severe chest pains.
Tuesday, 28 August 2012
What Is Lung Cancer, and How Common Is It?
What Is Lung Cancer?
When an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells begins to form within the lungs, it is commonly known as lung cancer. The lungs are made up of cells that cause either growth promotion, or growth suppression, and are programmed by nature to form in a certain shape, and to function in a certain way. However, when these cells become damaged by either internal or external changes within the body, the bodies programming usually begins to go wrong.
When growth promoting cells either lose their ability to promote growth, or the growth of these cells is accelerated, the growth suppression cells no longer pay attention to the bodies tumor suppression cells. This in turn causes the cells to multiply at an accelerated rate with all disregard to how nature programmed them to function correctly. As the cell acceleration begins to take place, the outer tissues of the lungs are also invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues.
This change enables the cancer in the lungs to spread with relative ease to other organs within the body. Because of the relatively large size of the lungs, lung cancer usually continues to grow for many years without showing any common signs, or symptoms. When the lung cancer finally gets diagnosed, usually after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray associated with another illness, the disease is found to be in its final stages, and in need of urgent treatment.
How Common Is Lung Cancer?
Cancer of the lungs is now one of the most common cancers diagnosed around the world, and accounts for over 200,000 new cases each year in the USA alone. Today's statistics show that lung cancer now affects both men and women equally, where as some years back the cases diagnosed in women were much less. This may be put down to the fact that more and more women are now smoking. Since 1987, lung cancer has also been found to be much more common in women than breast cancer.
Most people who get diagnosed with lung cancer are either active smokers, or ex-smokers who have now given up. But also, many other people who have never directly smoked get diagnosed with the disease too. In recent years, mortality rates have increased 150% in women, and 25% in men, with studies showing that estrogen, may even help the disease to grow, increasing the risk of it developing in women.
When an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells begins to form within the lungs, it is commonly known as lung cancer. The lungs are made up of cells that cause either growth promotion, or growth suppression, and are programmed by nature to form in a certain shape, and to function in a certain way. However, when these cells become damaged by either internal or external changes within the body, the bodies programming usually begins to go wrong.
When growth promoting cells either lose their ability to promote growth, or the growth of these cells is accelerated, the growth suppression cells no longer pay attention to the bodies tumor suppression cells. This in turn causes the cells to multiply at an accelerated rate with all disregard to how nature programmed them to function correctly. As the cell acceleration begins to take place, the outer tissues of the lungs are also invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues.
This change enables the cancer in the lungs to spread with relative ease to other organs within the body. Because of the relatively large size of the lungs, lung cancer usually continues to grow for many years without showing any common signs, or symptoms. When the lung cancer finally gets diagnosed, usually after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray associated with another illness, the disease is found to be in its final stages, and in need of urgent treatment.
How Common Is Lung Cancer?
Cancer of the lungs is now one of the most common cancers diagnosed around the world, and accounts for over 200,000 new cases each year in the USA alone. Today's statistics show that lung cancer now affects both men and women equally, where as some years back the cases diagnosed in women were much less. This may be put down to the fact that more and more women are now smoking. Since 1987, lung cancer has also been found to be much more common in women than breast cancer.
Most people who get diagnosed with lung cancer are either active smokers, or ex-smokers who have now given up. But also, many other people who have never directly smoked get diagnosed with the disease too. In recent years, mortality rates have increased 150% in women, and 25% in men, with studies showing that estrogen, may even help the disease to grow, increasing the risk of it developing in women.
What Is The Difference Between Lung Cancer and Lymphoma?
There are two different types of cancer that may affect the lungs:
1. Primary lung cancer is categorized as either small cell, or non-small cell, and usually begins in the lungs before it spreads to other parts of the body. Small cell is commonly associated with heavy smokers, where non-small cell may include other types of cancers such as squamous cell, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Symptoms may include a persistent cough, coughing up small amounts of blood, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pains, a dull aching pain in the shoulder that may move down the outside of the arm, a notable weight loss, and recurrent chest infections or pneumonia.
Diagnosis of lung cancer is not usually found until after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray which is usually associated with another illness. If lung cancer is detected by the chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may also be ordered to further confirm both the diseases diagnosis and staging.
Staging includes a limited Stage, where only one lung is affected together with the surrounding tissues, and an extensive Stage, where the cancer has spread to either the chest tissues outside the lung of origin or to another part of the body. Staging begins with Stage 0, where cancer cells are found to be in the lining of the lung; Stage 1A, where the tumor growth is no more than 3mm across in diameter and continues through Stages 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, until Stage 4 is reached. This is where the lungs or other parts of the body have multiple malignant growths.
2. Metastatic lung cancer, is categorized as either Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's, and begins in another part of the body before it spreads to the lungs. Metastatic lung cancer is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, itching, swollen lymph nodes, and sweating during the night while sleeping. The lymph nodes can be found in clusters in the pelvis, neck, under the arms, and in the abdomen. When non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is present, it is common for its reason to be unknown.
Diagnosis includes blood tests, and a biopsy of the lymph node tissue for examination under the microscope.
Staging is based on the extent the tumor has spread.
Stage 1. Where only one lymph node or area is affected.
Stage 2. Where two or more lymph nodes are affected on one side of the diaphragm, or a single lymph node where the tumor has affected a nearby organ.
Stage 3. Where lymphoma is found in the areas above and below the diaphragm, and is considered to be advanced.
Stage 4. Where the lymphoma has metastasized to other parts of the body such as the liver, brain, or bone marrow. At this stage the disease is considered widespread.
1. Primary lung cancer is categorized as either small cell, or non-small cell, and usually begins in the lungs before it spreads to other parts of the body. Small cell is commonly associated with heavy smokers, where non-small cell may include other types of cancers such as squamous cell, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Symptoms may include a persistent cough, coughing up small amounts of blood, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pains, a dull aching pain in the shoulder that may move down the outside of the arm, a notable weight loss, and recurrent chest infections or pneumonia.
Diagnosis of lung cancer is not usually found until after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray which is usually associated with another illness. If lung cancer is detected by the chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may also be ordered to further confirm both the diseases diagnosis and staging.
Staging includes a limited Stage, where only one lung is affected together with the surrounding tissues, and an extensive Stage, where the cancer has spread to either the chest tissues outside the lung of origin or to another part of the body. Staging begins with Stage 0, where cancer cells are found to be in the lining of the lung; Stage 1A, where the tumor growth is no more than 3mm across in diameter and continues through Stages 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, until Stage 4 is reached. This is where the lungs or other parts of the body have multiple malignant growths.
2. Metastatic lung cancer, is categorized as either Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's, and begins in another part of the body before it spreads to the lungs. Metastatic lung cancer is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, itching, swollen lymph nodes, and sweating during the night while sleeping. The lymph nodes can be found in clusters in the pelvis, neck, under the arms, and in the abdomen. When non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is present, it is common for its reason to be unknown.
Diagnosis includes blood tests, and a biopsy of the lymph node tissue for examination under the microscope.
Staging is based on the extent the tumor has spread.
Stage 1. Where only one lymph node or area is affected.
Stage 2. Where two or more lymph nodes are affected on one side of the diaphragm, or a single lymph node where the tumor has affected a nearby organ.
Stage 3. Where lymphoma is found in the areas above and below the diaphragm, and is considered to be advanced.
Stage 4. Where the lymphoma has metastasized to other parts of the body such as the liver, brain, or bone marrow. At this stage the disease is considered widespread.
Monday, 27 August 2012
Taking Care of Lung Cancer Patient
If you want to care for someone with lung cancer, it is important that you are aware of the basic guidelines that need to be followed for dealing with a patient suffering from this condition. If you have just learned about lung cancer in your near and dear one, it can be a shock. You need to be aware of the various ways in which you can contribute to the comfort of the lung cancer patient. You should know how to make him at ease from his mental and physical trauma and recover from them too.
Some instructions that you can follow for taking care of a lung cancer patient are:
• For starters, jot down all your doubts regarding the condition of the patient and ask the health care provider without any sort of hesitation. There should be no fear in you regarding anything when querying the doctor about this. Even if the question is as trivial as how to entertain a lung cancer patient, it is valid under the circumstances. Important question such as the food options for cancer patient are a must.
• Try to gain as much information about a lung cancer patient as you can. You need to equip the patient you are looking after with all the information about dealing with his situation. This will help the patient to recover better provided you give him the necessary support and care.
• Learn all about the medication routine of the patient. If you do that, it will help to ensure speedy recovery as well as preventing pain to the extent possible. Cancer pain has been found to be related to non-compliance with the schedule of medication.
• Be ever willing to help the patient and also the affected family members if any. They should be helped in their tasks. This is important so that the patient does not get overwhelmed, fatigued or distracted in his treatment.
• You should not restrict yourself to entertaining the cancer patient but encourage him to talk more often. If he is able to express his feelings, it would go a long way in ensuring his speedy recovery. They need to unburden themselves from their stress, fear and depression by talking.
• If you can get internet access, try to get the lung cancer patient in touch with his friends online. It would surely help to make him feel better and bring a smile to his face.
Some instructions that you can follow for taking care of a lung cancer patient are:
• For starters, jot down all your doubts regarding the condition of the patient and ask the health care provider without any sort of hesitation. There should be no fear in you regarding anything when querying the doctor about this. Even if the question is as trivial as how to entertain a lung cancer patient, it is valid under the circumstances. Important question such as the food options for cancer patient are a must.
• Try to gain as much information about a lung cancer patient as you can. You need to equip the patient you are looking after with all the information about dealing with his situation. This will help the patient to recover better provided you give him the necessary support and care.
• Learn all about the medication routine of the patient. If you do that, it will help to ensure speedy recovery as well as preventing pain to the extent possible. Cancer pain has been found to be related to non-compliance with the schedule of medication.
• Be ever willing to help the patient and also the affected family members if any. They should be helped in their tasks. This is important so that the patient does not get overwhelmed, fatigued or distracted in his treatment.
• You should not restrict yourself to entertaining the cancer patient but encourage him to talk more often. If he is able to express his feelings, it would go a long way in ensuring his speedy recovery. They need to unburden themselves from their stress, fear and depression by talking.
• If you can get internet access, try to get the lung cancer patient in touch with his friends online. It would surely help to make him feel better and bring a smile to his face.
Sunday, 26 August 2012
What Are the Survival Rates For Stage 4 Lung Cancer?
There are many different aspects to consider when estimating the life expectancy of a Stage 4 lung cancer patient. Lung cancer is usually broken down into four main stages:
Stage 1 - The cancer is small and localized in only one area of the lung.
Stages 2 and 3 - The cancer is larger and may have grown into the surrounding tissues, where cancer cells may be found in the lymph nodes.
Stage 4 - The cancer has spread outside the lung to another part of the body (secondary or metastatic cancer).
When Stage 4 of the disease has been reached, the cancer is no longer contained within the lung, and has spread to one or more parts of the body, either through the bloodstream, or the lymph system (a collection of vessels that carry fluid and immune system cells).
Stage 4 of the disease is therefore the most dangerous and life threatening stage for a patient. Because lung cancer usually takes many years slowly growing in the body before it is diagnosed, Stage 4 of the disease is the most commonly found in a patient.
The survival rate (the life expectancy of a Stage 4 patient) can vary from patient to patient, making it difficult to give an exact figure. These different variables can be broken down into the following:
No. 1 The particular type of lung cancer, and its exact location. Stage 4 lung cancer consists of several different types of cancer, and includes those that have not just spread to one other part of the body, but those that have also spread to various parts.
No. 2 The sex of a patient is an important factor, as a woman has a higher survival rate through each stage of the disease than a man does.
No. 3 The condition of the patient (health wise) has a large bearing on the life expectancy of a patient. A healthy patient has a greater life expectancy due to being able to withstand better the different stages of treatment.
No. 4 A younger patient is likely to survive longer than an older patient, as the bodies organs are usually more responsive to treatment, and are usually in a better condition.
No. 5 The ability to respond to different treatments such as Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Stereotatic Body Radiosurgery, or even Surgery, is another factor to consider.
No. 6 A patient who suffers from other conditions, such as emphysema (damaged air spaces within the lungs), may also have a lower Stage 4 life expectancy.
No. 7 Complications during the various treatments of a patient will help decide how long a patient may or may not live, after all the treatments are finished.
After taking all of these factors into account, the average survival rate for a lung cancer patient could be considered to be five years or less, from the time of diagnosis.
Stage 1 - The cancer is small and localized in only one area of the lung.
Stages 2 and 3 - The cancer is larger and may have grown into the surrounding tissues, where cancer cells may be found in the lymph nodes.
Stage 4 - The cancer has spread outside the lung to another part of the body (secondary or metastatic cancer).
When Stage 4 of the disease has been reached, the cancer is no longer contained within the lung, and has spread to one or more parts of the body, either through the bloodstream, or the lymph system (a collection of vessels that carry fluid and immune system cells).
Stage 4 of the disease is therefore the most dangerous and life threatening stage for a patient. Because lung cancer usually takes many years slowly growing in the body before it is diagnosed, Stage 4 of the disease is the most commonly found in a patient.
The survival rate (the life expectancy of a Stage 4 patient) can vary from patient to patient, making it difficult to give an exact figure. These different variables can be broken down into the following:
No. 1 The particular type of lung cancer, and its exact location. Stage 4 lung cancer consists of several different types of cancer, and includes those that have not just spread to one other part of the body, but those that have also spread to various parts.
No. 2 The sex of a patient is an important factor, as a woman has a higher survival rate through each stage of the disease than a man does.
No. 3 The condition of the patient (health wise) has a large bearing on the life expectancy of a patient. A healthy patient has a greater life expectancy due to being able to withstand better the different stages of treatment.
No. 4 A younger patient is likely to survive longer than an older patient, as the bodies organs are usually more responsive to treatment, and are usually in a better condition.
No. 5 The ability to respond to different treatments such as Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Stereotatic Body Radiosurgery, or even Surgery, is another factor to consider.
No. 6 A patient who suffers from other conditions, such as emphysema (damaged air spaces within the lungs), may also have a lower Stage 4 life expectancy.
No. 7 Complications during the various treatments of a patient will help decide how long a patient may or may not live, after all the treatments are finished.
After taking all of these factors into account, the average survival rate for a lung cancer patient could be considered to be five years or less, from the time of diagnosis.
Friday, 24 August 2012
What Is Lung Cancer, and How Common Is It?
What Is Lung Cancer?
When an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells begins to form within the lungs, it is commonly known as lung cancer. The lungs are made up of cells that cause either growth promotion, or growth suppression, and are programmed by nature to form in a certain shape, and to function in a certain way. However, when these cells become damaged by either internal or external changes within the body, the bodies programming usually begins to go wrong.
When growth promoting cells either lose their ability to promote growth, or the growth of these cells is accelerated, the growth suppression cells no longer pay attention to the bodies tumor suppression cells. This in turn causes the cells to multiply at an accelerated rate with all disregard to how nature programmed them to function correctly. As the cell acceleration begins to take place, the outer tissues of the lungs are also invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues.
This change enables the cancer in the lungs to spread with relative ease to other organs within the body. Because of the relatively large size of the lungs, lung cancer usually continues to grow for many years without showing any common signs, or symptoms. When the lung cancer finally gets diagnosed, usually after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray associated with another illness, the disease is found to be in its final stages, and in need of urgent treatment.
How Common Is Lung Cancer?
Cancer of the lungs is now one of the most common cancers diagnosed around the world, and accounts for over 200,000 new cases each year in the USA alone. Today's statistics show that lung cancer now affects both men and women equally, where as some years back the cases diagnosed in women were much less. This may be put down to the fact that more and more women are now smoking. Since 1987, lung cancer has also been found to be much more common in women than breast cancer.
Most people who get diagnosed with lung cancer are either active smokers, or ex-smokers who have now given up. But also, many other people who have never directly smoked get diagnosed with the disease too. In recent years, mortality rates have increased 150% in women, and 25% in men, with studies showing that estrogen, may even help the disease to grow, increasing the risk of it developing in women.
When an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells begins to form within the lungs, it is commonly known as lung cancer. The lungs are made up of cells that cause either growth promotion, or growth suppression, and are programmed by nature to form in a certain shape, and to function in a certain way. However, when these cells become damaged by either internal or external changes within the body, the bodies programming usually begins to go wrong.
When growth promoting cells either lose their ability to promote growth, or the growth of these cells is accelerated, the growth suppression cells no longer pay attention to the bodies tumor suppression cells. This in turn causes the cells to multiply at an accelerated rate with all disregard to how nature programmed them to function correctly. As the cell acceleration begins to take place, the outer tissues of the lungs are also invaded by cancerous cells, as are other nearby tissues.
This change enables the cancer in the lungs to spread with relative ease to other organs within the body. Because of the relatively large size of the lungs, lung cancer usually continues to grow for many years without showing any common signs, or symptoms. When the lung cancer finally gets diagnosed, usually after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray associated with another illness, the disease is found to be in its final stages, and in need of urgent treatment.
How Common Is Lung Cancer?
Cancer of the lungs is now one of the most common cancers diagnosed around the world, and accounts for over 200,000 new cases each year in the USA alone. Today's statistics show that lung cancer now affects both men and women equally, where as some years back the cases diagnosed in women were much less. This may be put down to the fact that more and more women are now smoking. Since 1987, lung cancer has also been found to be much more common in women than breast cancer.
Most people who get diagnosed with lung cancer are either active smokers, or ex-smokers who have now given up. But also, many other people who have never directly smoked get diagnosed with the disease too. In recent years, mortality rates have increased 150% in women, and 25% in men, with studies showing that estrogen, may even help the disease to grow, increasing the risk of it developing in women.
What Is The Difference Between Lung Cancer and Lymphoma?
There are two different types of cancer that may affect the lungs:
1. Primary lung cancer is categorized as either small cell, or non-small cell, and usually begins in the lungs before it spreads to other parts of the body. Small cell is commonly associated with heavy smokers, where non-small cell may include other types of cancers such as squamous cell, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Symptoms may include a persistent cough, coughing up small amounts of blood, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pains, a dull aching pain in the shoulder that may move down the outside of the arm, a notable weight loss, and recurrent chest infections or pneumonia.
Diagnosis of lung cancer is not usually found until after a doctor has ordered a chest X-ray which is usually associated with another illness. If lung cancer is detected by the chest X-ray, a CT (computer assisted tomography) scan, or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan may also be ordered to further confirm both the diseases diagnosis and staging.
Staging includes a limited Stage, where only one lung is affected together with the surrounding tissues, and an extensive Stage, where the cancer has spread to either the chest tissues outside the lung of origin or to another part of the body. Staging begins with Stage 0, where cancer cells are found to be in the lining of the lung; Stage 1A, where the tumor growth is no more than 3mm across in diameter and continues through Stages 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, until Stage 4 is reached. This is where the lungs or other parts of the body have multiple malignant growths.
2. Metastatic lung cancer, is categorized as either Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's, and begins in another part of the body before it spreads to the lungs. Metastatic lung cancer is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, itching, swollen lymph nodes, and sweating during the night while sleeping. The lymph nodes can be found in clusters in the pelvis, neck, under the arms, and in the abdomen. When non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is present, it is common for its reason to be unknown.
Diagnosis includes blood tests, and a biopsy of the lymph node tissue for examination under the microscope.
Staging is based on the extent the tumor has spread.
Stage 1. Where only one lymph node or area is affected.
Stage 2. Where two or more lymph nodes are affected on one side of the diaphragm, or a single lymph node where the tumor has affected a nearby organ.
Stage 3. Where lymphoma is found in the areas above and below the diaphragm, and is considered to be advanced.
Stage 4. Where the lymphoma has metastasized to other parts of the body such as the liver, brain, or bone marrow. At this stage the disease is considered widespread.
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